Fidelis ad Mortem A History of The New York Police Essay

Since the declaration of Dutch independence in 1609, the city of New York, the called New Amsterdam, had been a relatively large and sprawling municipality. As one might expect, the city had criminal elements in proportion to its population. (Costello, 1885) Throughout its history, the entity that would become the New York Police Department has represented the leading edge in law enforcement, organization, technology and civilian relations. By 1800, having repaired the privations caused by the revolution of 1776, the city began to formalize its law enforcement procedures. Costello, 1885) In 1798, the city established its first official police office. By 1800, the city had four incarceration centers. Three of them were criminal jails and one was a debt prison. (Costello, 1885) The institutions were the State Prison, the Penitentiary, Bridewell, and The Jail. (Costello, 1885) The city had already been administratively divided into three districts. Because two of the districts were so large geographically, the â€Å"Watch† as they were called then, abandoned their traditional practice of standing at station, and began the first foot patrol in the history of New York law enforcement. Costello, 1885) By 1803 the number of patrolmen in each of the three districts fifty, fifty-four and thirty-six. Each district was overseen by two captains of the watch, who were the administrative heads of the district. (Costello, 1885) This system, called the constabulary (as it was administered by constables) lasted and grew until the formal establishment of a police department in 1845. After the last high constable of the city of New York (a position analogous to the Police Commissioner) Jacob Hayes, retired in 1844, the governor of New York gave permission to the mayor to establish a police force. Costello, 1885) Watchmen and constables were replaced with police officers. (Costello, 1885) The officers wore eight-pointed stars (these represented the eight constables of the watch that existed in 1844) featuring the city seal, and made of copper. (Frequently Asked†¦1999) It was the wearing of these copper stars that earned the police the nickname â€Å"cop†. (Short for copper). (Frequently Asked†¦1999) In Britain, the same nickname for police was derived from the initials of their title, Citizens on Patrol. Thus the United States and Britain had their own distinct â€Å"cops† patrolling the street. Frequently Asked†¦1999) The headquarters of the New York Police Department have changed over times. They began as a series of offices in City Hall, and in 1909, a building dedicated entirely to police administration was built on Center Street in Little Italy. This remained the centerpiece of the department until 1973, when the offices were relocated to the financial district at One Police Plaza. The image of a modern New York City patrol officer is a combination of many traditions, regulations, habits and practices adopted and adapted for conditions within New York City. Frequently Asked†¦1999) The eight-pointed hat that is emblematic of the patrol officer is a memorial of the eight original Dutch Watchmen. (Frequently Asked†¦1999) These hats have been standard issue for patrol officers since 1928. (Frequently Asked†¦1999) The â€Å"night stick† is so-named because police used to have two sticks as weapon issue. (Frequently Asked†¦1999) One was 11 inches long, and the second was 26 inches long. The longer stick was used on night patrol as this was the more dangerous time for the police. The 11-inch day-stick has since been abandoned, but the longer â€Å"night sticks† are still standard issue. Frequently Asked†¦1999) The patrolmen of the NYPD began carrying guns by regulation in 1887. (Frequently Asked†¦1999) Originally mandated as a . 32 Colt revolver, the traditional police handgun was changed to a . 38 revolver stamped with the wielder’s shield number. (Frequently Asked†¦1999) This standard service revolver was the required primary weapon until 1993, when the force officially switched to nine-millimeter semi-automatic pistols. (Frequently Asked†¦1999) As the police department grew, the traditions and habits with which we are familiar from movies and television began to develop. From 1854 until the practice was discontinued in 1959, the force used whistles to summon fellow officers when needed. (Frequently Asked†¦1999) The whistles had a loud and distinct sound, and replaced the practice of banging on the curb with an officer’s nightstick. By 1959, radio technology rendered the whistles obsolete, and they were no longer standard issues for patrol officers. (Frequently Asked†¦1999) They remain in use for traffic-control officers; however, as they still serve to call attention of civilian drivers. (Frequently Asked†¦1999) As a social institution, the NYPD was more progressive than many of its institutional counterparts. Frequently Asked†¦1999) As early as 1911, well before the Civil Rights movement, the NYPD Appointed Samuel J. Battle as the first African-American police officer. Hispanics received representation in NYPD even earlier. (Frequently Asked†¦1999) George Garcia was the first Hispanic police officer, appointed in 1896 . (Frequently Asked†¦1999) The necessity of having to deal with female criminals made the appointment of female officers an earlier necessity. (Frequently Asked†¦1999) In 1891, four police matrons were appointed to deal with female prisoners. In 1911, the title of Policewoman was created, and six women were appointed. Frequently Asked†¦1999) Despite their long history of diligence, bravery and courage in a very difficult setting, the NYPD has also had its share of low points. In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the department fell victim to rampant corruption. (Kefauver Investigation†¦ n. d. ) Criminal organizations had made permanent and profitable allies in within the department, and the police began acting according to the whims of crime bosses, offering enforcement and punishment for drug trafficking enterprises throughout the city. (Kefauver Investigation†¦ n. d. When an officer, Frank Serpico, attempted to expose these abuses, he was violently repressed by members of the police depa rtment. Eventually, in the early 1970s, after being shot in the face in the line of duty (under suspicious circumstances) Serpico took his story to the New York Times. (Kefauver Investigation†¦ n. d. ) Under close scrutiny from the press, the Mayor formed a commission to investigate the corruption claims. (Kefauver Investigation†¦ n. d. ) The resulting Knapp Commission investigation led to the removal of the police chief, Frank Leary, who was replaced by Patrick Murphy. Kefauver Investigation†¦ n. d. ) Murphy instituted many reforms and helped the department regain the trust of the people. Despite this victory, Serpico himself was harassed by his fellow officers for turning â€Å"rat. † (Kefauver Investigation†¦ n. d. ) He retired from the police and moved to Europe. This incident highlighted an ongoing problem in New York Police History. (Kefauver Investigation†¦ n. d. ) With the prevalence of alcohol bootlegging, and , later, drug trafficking, it was easy for organized criminals to bribe special treatment from the police. While not many officials were actually corrupt, it was very difficult to weed out corruption, because the police tend to be extremely loyal, and a Serpico’s case shows, reluctant to implicate one of their own. (Kefauver Investigation†¦ n. d. ) Cases of abuse by the police have also been alleged in the latter half of the 20th century. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). In 1962, mobster and alleged murderer Frank Lito accused the department of extreme acts of violence during his interrogation. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). His claims were backed by his appearing with broken limbs(Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008).. The department was forced to release him under probation when he threatened to bring a civil suit. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). In 1994, a police officer was accused of choking Anthony Baez. At the officer’s trial, two other officers were also convicted of lying to cover the incident up. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). In 1997, another abuse case, this one occurring in the offices of the 70th precinct resulted in the conviction of several officers for both the act and the cover-up. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). In 1999, Amadou Diallo, an innocent citizen, was shot 41 times by Street Crimes detectives who mistook him for a criminal. Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). Diallo was unarmed. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). The Street Crimes unit was disbanded as a result, and the city had to pay a $30,000,000 settlement to the family. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). A few notable incidences also occurred where public violence was caused or inflamed by police activity. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). In 1988, Tompkin Square Park erupted when police attempted to enforce a curfew. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). After police clashed violently with protesters, the commissioner found that the fault for the violence was on the poor planning and execution by the NYPD. In another notable incident, the NYPD was actually the instigator of a riot in 1992. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). Supporters of mayoral candidate Rudy Giuliani, the NYPD rioted and attacked city hall under then-mayor David Dinkins. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). Dinkins was forced to close City Hall to the police in fear of further violence. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). In 2007 The New York state inspector general said that the New York City Police Department’s crime lab cut corners analyzing evidence and submitted results in drug cases without having done the required tests in 2002. Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). Inspector General Kristine Hamann said that serious errors were made following exsisting protocols, which had since been changed. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). She said past officials failed to appropriately monitor some lab workers’ performance and enforce standards. Hamann said her investigation began after the state Division of Criminal Justice Services asked her to investigate allegations of â€Å"dry labbing† – sending results to police and prosecutors without doing the actual lab tests – in 2002. Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). Despite these incidents, and numerous other cases of varying brutality and error, the overall record of the NYPD is impressive. The men and women of the New York Police department also have a long and prestigious history of protecting the population of the city. (Bosak, 1999) In 1863, in the middle of a hot summer, and short of patrolmen, the Police of New York was called upon to protect African Americans of the city from the rioting mobs who protested Abraham Lincoln’s Civil War Draft. Bosak, 1999) The African-Americans were obvious targets given the perception in the city that the war was being fought to free southern slaves. (Bosak, 1999) The violence began as the enlistment office on 3rd Ave. was burned to the ground by a segment of the city’s own fire department in protest to their prospective draft. (Bosak, 1999) Beaten nearly to death on his way to third avenue, was Joseph Kennedy, a police Chief of Department, and police precinct offices became targets of rioters as four were killed and two station houses destroyed on the first day of riots. Bosak, 1999) As the rioting expanded, the citizen protesters were joined by criminals, looters and other miscreants and the violence escalated (Bosak, 1999). The armory was sacked and burned, and the rioters did the same to a home for orphaned Black children. (Bosak, 1999) A station on West 35th St. wired police headquarters on Mulberry Street with a question. (Bosak, 1999) Expecting an attack, they asked if they should fight or flee. The message they received from police headquarters was a single word: â€Å"Fight. (Bosak, 1999) The 35th street station took in the Black orphans and withstood seven attacks by the mob without capitulating. (Bosak, 1999) It was from events during this riot that the citizens gifted the NYPD with their motto, Fidelis ad Mortem†, loyal to the death. (Bosak, 1999) From 1806 to 2007, the department has lost 758 officers in the line of duty. Of those deaths, twenty-three occurred as a result of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in September of 2001. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). Nearly half of the remainder of deaths was from hostile gunfire. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). Headquartered now at 1 Police Plaza in Manhattan’s financial District. , the New York City Police department spans over 20 different departments and nearly eighty patrol precincts. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). Despite the occasional instances of misconduct, the nearly 40,000 men and women of the New York Police Department have served with a great deal of distinction under very difficult circumstances in a city renowned for its violence, drug use and crime. (Mushabec & Wiggen, 2008). The police have been able to reduce the occurrence of all of these acts, and continue to earn the trust of the population.

Interpersonal Conflict in Film American Beauty Essay

Site 1 Conflict Management Style This activity will help you determine your natural style for dealing with conflict. It is useful to assess your predominant conflict management style(s) because we all tend to prefer one or two of the styles and at times may apply them inappropriately. Read the information available from the DSP Training Resources site in lesson 8.6. 1.What animal symbolizes your method for dealing with conflict? (name) (5 points). The Collaborating Owl Write a description of your conflict management style? Discuss three reasons why this method of dealing with conflict is negative or positive? Owls use a collaborating or problem confronting conflict management style valuing their goals and relationships. A. Owls is positive when peer conflict is involved, both sides get what they want and negative feelings eliminated. B. when trying to gain commitment through consensus building, both sides gets what they want and negative feelings eliminated. C. when learning and trying to merge differing perspectives, both sides gets what they want and negative feelings eliminated. Conflict Resolution Role-Play Script Directions: Please read and select a case scenario, which can be located in lesson 8.6. Using the steps for conflict resolution, find a solution for one of the  problems located on the activity page for this lesson. Note: You will need to devise a role-play or script for the scenario, using each one the six steps listed below. This script is a dialogue; remember a dialogue is a conversation between two people. For example:1. Mutually agree on the time and place to discuss a serious issue. â€Å"Hey John, meet me in the library so we can discuss what happened today in class.†2. Use an â€Å"I† Statement†¦.â€Å"I feel angry when you†¦..etc.Select one of the scenarios by referring to the presentation on the lesson page of the course.| Write your answers below: 1.Mutually agree on the time and place to discuss a serious issue. (10 points) â€Å"Hey Brianna, meet me at 12:00 a.m. in the cafeteria so we can discuss what happened in class today. 2.Use an â€Å"I† statement to express your feelings, identify the unwanted behavior and work toward resolution. (10 points) I feel angry when you are mean to me. The unwanted behavior is â€Å"angry† 3.Give equal time for both sides to be heard. INCLUDE BOTH SIDES OF THE CONVERSATION. (10 points) Talk about how each of you has contributed to the problem. Remember to use active listening skills. â€Å"What I think I hear you saying is you are getting burned out and you would like to have a life outside of school.’ â€Å"Correct me if I am wrong but aren’t you saying is all you do is things related to work.† Mirror their words â€Å"So, as I see it you will like a life outside of school â€Å"You feel that all you do is things related to school† â€Å"As I get it, you feel that you don’t have time to yourself.† â€Å"I can see you are feeling you don’t have time to yourself† 4.Brainstorm ways to resolve the conflict. (List at least two ways.) (10 points) 1. Agree on the rules of discussion before you begin; stick to the rules. 2. Remain on the topic; don’t bring up past hurts. 5.Discuss possible solutions. (List at least two solutions.) (10 points) 1. Give equal time for both sides to be heard. 2.Listen to each other; the feelings being expressed are real 3.Agree on one solution and then try it. (10 points) Share ideas and reach a solution that is mutually agreeable to each person.

The Impact Of Management On Employee Job Satisfaction

Introduction Management plays a key role in employee job satisfaction. A manger’s leadership style and interpersonal communication skills can have a huge impact on employee job satisfaction. Excellent interpersonal communication skills are a characteristic that a good manager must possess. Employees become dissatisfied with their jobs when they feel that their voices are not heard, they are not being treated fairly, and the specifics of the job itself are not being communicated properly. Direction of Communication Communication is essential to satisfactory job performance. Lack of effective communication harms the worker and his or her co-workers. When a manager does not have effective communication with his or subordinates, the organization suffers. The type of communication that flows from management to lower level employees is considered downward communication. 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Annotated Bibliography Of Paulo Freire And Icts - 1214 Words

Interpretive Summary of â€Å"Paulo Freire and ICTs: Liberatory Education Theory in a Digital Age.† â€Å"Paulo Freire and ICTs† examines the effect ICTs (information and communication technologies) have upon the educational experience in the classroom, â€Å"drawing on principles from Paulo Freire’s classic work, Pedagogy of the Oppressed†. The authors of this paper illustrate how ICTs support Freire’s â€Å"‘banking system’ of education†. Accordingly, this essay aims to increase understanding and awareness of the danger of untamed ICT use in classrooms for the sake of being perceived as an innovative educator. Some elements of ICTs give the image of conforming to Freirian education, so teachers perceive these products to better the teaching process, when†¦show more content†¦Freire is whole-heartedly against education being defined merely as a transmission of information, but rather â€Å"consists of acts of cognition†. He sees critical thinking and Socratic dialogue as crucial to the ideal classroom, working to sti mulate â€Å"reflection† and so â€Å"‘create history’†. Freire’s complete idea of liberatory education is not apparent in the presented ICTs, which will be shown to reinforce the traditional model of banking education. PowerPoint’s ease of communication and efficiency make it attractive in a classroom, but centralizes control with teacher and promotes passivity among students by objectifying knowledge. Its simple structure and visual â€Å"arousal† work to capture and easily transmit the material to the audience. Generally, a presentation is done by one or several individuals to a group of students, whom sit back, scrolling through Facebook, superficially receiving the content without truly digesting it. Essentially, a PowerPoint presentation centralizes control of the class in the hands of the presenter (often the teacher) â€Å"to passive receivers (the students)†. Teaching pre-packaged information without allowing for critical thinking is merely undermining and objectifying the knowledge. Teachers are so enthralled by this new technology they miss how their educational system remains stagnant, continuing as the banking model. Clickers work to rip

Essay on Pregnancy and Eating Disorders - 4460 Words

Pregnancy and Eating Disorders Concerns about gaining weight and retaining a youthful figure are expressed by many pregnant women. When there has been a history of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, weight gain and body shape changes accompanying pregnancy can provoke extreme distress (Rand et al., 1987). Very little is known about the impact of pregnancy on women with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Despite the fact that amenorrhea, the lack of menstruation, and infertility are common features of these syndromes, some women have been able to conceive, even at below normal body weight (Lemberg Phillips, 1989). Information is lacking in general on psychological impact on the mother-to-be as well as on the course of pregnancy†¦show more content†¦Consequently, their babies had significantly lower birth weights and lower 5-minute Apgar scores than the babies of the women who were in remission (Franko Walton, 1993). Lacey and Smith (1987) investigated the pregnancies and fetal outcomes of 20 normal-weight bulimic women in the largest study to date. Consistent with both studies by Blinder and Hagman (1984) and Namir et al. (1986), they reported a significant reduction in the eating disorder symptoms in the majority of women during the course of the pregnancy, with 75% having a complete cessation of bingeing and purging by the third trimester. Also, consistent with previous reports, the majority of women regressed in the postpartum period (Psychological Medicine, 1991). However, the authors note that a full 25% of the sample appeared to be cured of their eating disorder symptoms. Despite a significant reduction in the binge-purge behavior, the authors reported significant fetal abnormality involving a cleft pallet child, another with a cleft lip, and higher than average pregnancy complications, multiple pregnancies, and obstetric complications. 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UFO Fact Or Fiction Essay Example For Students

UFO Fact Or Fiction Essay annonUnidentified flying objects, or UFOs, as theyre fondly called, areone of the centurys most intriguing and controversial mysteries. Sinceancient times, UFOs of all types have been accounted for. More today thanever, hundreds of thinkers, theologians, and scientists have tried toanswer why there are or whether there arent UFOs. According to some, thespeculation that UFOs are alien spacecrafts from another world is anabsurd and foolish proposal. Others vehemently disagree and assert thatextraterrestrial life is not only possible, but such life forms may besuperior, technologically advanced beings who visit our Earth regularly. Are these flying saucers a figment of our imagination? Or, are theya genuine reality we prefer to dismiss because we fear the scary truththat we are not the only master race? Are we hesitant because societydubs such immature psycho tantamount to subscribing to belief in ghosts?These are a few of the many pertinent UFO questions the mature individualmust address. One of the most popular theories that support and explains theexistence of alien beings is the ancient astronaut theory. This theorycontains three main schools of thought. The first states that aliens bredwith our primitive forebears thereby creating modern man. The second isquite similar. Aliens performed genetic engineering on apes therebycreating the Homo Sapiens and mans intelligence. The third, and leastaccepted, is that colonists from another galaxy came to Earth, mated withthe primitives and established a high level of culture, before beingdestroyed by some natural catastrophe. And upon this catastrophe anddestruction, we build and grow (Fitzgerald 1). Berossus, a Babylonianscholar, may have been the first astronaut historian. He said that animals endowed with reason bestowed the Sumerian culture before 3000BCE. The Sumerians, along with their cultural inheritors, theBabylonians, never referred to such beings as gods. Rather they weredepicted as disgusting abominations, a desc ription only deserved byuninvited alien visitors (2). One step further takes the astronaut theory and surmises that withit, we can understand the later religious cultures, such as the Hebrewswho are thought to have borrowed much of Sumerian practice. Suchreligions and secret societies, with their elaborate and complicatedrituals may actually be preserving from a previous epoch fragments of anesoteric and little understood knowledge, just as the Egyptian, Hebrew,and Mayan priests guarded in their temples the inspired word of theirself-possessed creators (3). Alien originators may have set down certainrites which became confused over the years, resulting in the variousancient religions; aliens being the source of our notion of God. Thisalso may explain how miles long designs, only viewable from the air, werecreated in ancient times. The only rationalization for the possibility ofsuch designs is that the ancients had assistance from the sky, namelyextraterrestrial assistance. Many UFO theorists, astronomer Morris Jessupbeing the forerunner , go even further: not only were pre-Biblical andBiblical times full of Alien intervention, but he contends that the UFOphenomenon is the missing link between Biblical supernatural accounts ofmiracles and established, contradicting science. Jessup explains thatnothing is supernatural and nothing is outside nature (12). Hecontinues that the Bible is full of UFO accounts, depicted by variousdescriptions: angels, the revelation on Mt. Sinai, the burning bush, andElijahs levitation to heaven. Jessup says the Bible is a physicalrecord, not a collection of divine revelation although the miracles ofthis and all religions invite rational and physical explanation, if wegrant the existence of spatial intelligence (13).' Another thinker,Brinsley Trent, follows the theme of extraterrestrial interpretations ofthe Bible and claims that the Garden of Eden was, as many ancient textspoint out, not the underground, but in the Underworld i.e. outside theorbit of earth, meaning Mars. When the Great Fl ood occurred, Noah built agreat boat, a spaceship, and landed on Earth (Life 16). However,Cornell astronomer Carl Sagan warns that this ancient astronaut theory andthe saucer myths represent a compromise between the need to believe ina traditional God and the contemporary pressures to accept thepronouncement of science (Fitzgerald 5); therefore, according to Sagan,the proposition that aliens exist and the astronaut theory should betossed. Many theorists assume the Bible is a totally separate entity anddont associate or contradict the UFO phenomenon with the well establishedtheological belief system in the supernatural. Wilhelm Reich, for one, anoted Austrian psychoanalyst, claimed to have witnessed various UFO craftsand believed that these aliens are hostile. Such aliens wish to rob Earthof orgone, a cosmic life energy allegedly present in air, water, and allorganic matter (Life 52).He proceeds to say that saucers run on this orgone energy, hence exhuminga bluish color due to orgone exhaust. Moreover, orgone exhaust isdeadly orgone (Life), causing sickness in people and creating parcheddesert where ever the crafts land. The Swiss psychologist, Carl Jung,totally differed. He theorized that all people can tap into(a )collective unconciousness-an area of the unconscious thatcontainsinformation derived from the experiences of the human race as a wholerather than the individualThis storehouse contains universal symbolscall ed archtypesthat present themselves spontaneously in dreams orvisionsevoking strong imaginative responseOne such image was themandala, a disk shaped symbol that represents completion real objects, but rather mandalasvisioned by people lookingforequilibrium (53).Jungs approach is quite debatable. However, as shaky an argument itmay sound, its as viable as those who welcome the notion that aliens doexist. Abortion Clinics Should Not Be Closed In The U.S. EssayIn World War Two, Allied and Axis air pilots witnessed these eerieluminous balls that would either chase planes or zip in and out of theplanes courses. Such oddities were to be eventually called foofighters. World War Two was a time of secrecy and great inventions. Instinctively, the allies thought they were some kind of high tech Germaninnovation. Naturally, too, the Germans thought vice versa. Therefore,nothing of an extraterrestrial nature was ever reported (Life 26), atleast officially. There are countless reports where U.S. air force personnelwitnessed a flying saucer and reported it; only to be told that it wasprobably a jet or weather balloon. Despite the fact that Project BlueBook (a government UFO investigation) yielded a 1,465 page scientificreport containing charts, photographs and analyses, worth about a halfmillion dollars in research, the government stated in a 1969 news releasethat due to lack of any significant conclusions, UFO research would beterminated. Most fans of the research only read the introduction andconclusion sections of the report. Unfortunately those sections werewritten by an enthusiast of the U.S. Air Force: and hence embraced theirpolicy of denial and falsehood (Life 118). Consequently, the governmentsdecision to halt research was accepted with little protest or suspicion. Yet, the question whether the government is holding back vital UFOinformation is still very strong. Many contend that the U.S. governmentis doing so in an effort to ensure national safety and prevent potentialmass hysteria by publicizing the existence of alien beings. In 1947, in New Mexico, one of the most famous and potent pieces ofevidence literally befell the United States. Barney Barnett, and somelocal archeological students found shriveled and broken up pieces of shinymetal and scattered dead bodies all over. A few days later, the army hadquarantined the area, shipped everything away, and told the witnesses thatit was their patriotic duty to keep the incident a secret. Nonetheless,Barnett and the students went public about it (Life 74). To this day,hundreds of reports and books detail this famous Roswell incident andclaim that the government, again, is hiding undeniable proof of alienlife. The Viking mission to Mars in 1976 is another prime example of thegovernments policy of non cooperation and denial. The Voyager had takentwo pictures of a rock form of a human face on Mars surface. Before a1992 Observer voyage to Mars, many requested NASA to take high resolutionphotos of this Face to determine whether it is really a threedimensional rock formation. NASA responded in the negative, although thegovernment gave NASA an extra $90 million for the exact purpose of seekingout Martian life forms. NASA gave a stupid explanation, claiming that the1992 Observer was only photographing meter long objects, which the Facecould be a candidate target. However, there are no plans to tailor themission to assure that the Face is imaged (Boyce).In a letter, Bob Bletchman cynically responded: How can NASA not tiltthe camera to possibly answer the most profound question ever asked, Arewe alone? (Bletchman)Nevertheless, many scientists maintain that the many UFO sightingsmay simply be meteor ites, some type of atmospheric phenomena, or hightech, saucer-like airplanes used by the military. One factor that greatlycontributes to UFO skepticism is created by the thousands of UFO hoaxesmade each year. A prime and famous example of such hoaxes occurred in NewMexico, 1963. Paul Villa claimed that UFO aliens had become so friendlywith him that they agreed to pose their ship for a camera shot. Using thesame high-tech computers as was used for the Trent photos, scientistsrevealed a tiny wire that was used to suspend the UFO in the air (Life140). Although its very easy to scoff at the thought of Martians andflying saucers due to the subjects emotional sensationalistic attributesand attractabilty to the fantasizer, one can not simply dismiss thepossibility. There is too much evidence and too many good and honestpeople out there who can give testimony. Too often, we hear of the manygovernment cover-ups and attempts to keep things concealed. Although thegovernment tries hard, they cant keep it a secret forever. Little bylittle, as more incidents occur and as more is leaked out, the world willknow that we are not alone. It should be noted that this report by no means begins to evenscratch the surface of the UFO mystery. Not only are thousands of bookswritten on each issue, but each individual case is worthy of whole bookson its own. It therefore follows that this paper was a simple over of anoverview of the massive topics and subtopics that follow. Works CitedBletchman, Bob. National Board, International Mutual UFO Network. Bletchman, Bob. National Board, International Mutual UFO Network. Letters. Connecticut: 1988Boyce, Jacobs. Discipline Scientist, Planetary Geoscience, Solar SystemExploration Division, NASA. Letter. Washington, D.C.: 1988Editors of Time-Life Books, eds. The UFO Phenomenon. Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1987Fitzgerald, Randall. The Complete Book of Extraterrestrial Encounters. NewYork: Collier Books, 1979Jacobs, David M. Secret life. New York: Simon ; Schuster. 1992Works ConsultedFact or Fiction: The Roswell Autopsy. TV Program. N.p.: n.p., 1997.

Unruly Customers and Turnover in Service Industry

Introduction The ‘customer is always right’ is a slogan popularized by the management to encourage staff to take customer complaints seriously. This view assumes that customers are always â€Å"rational and functional† in their encounters with employees (Reynolds Harris, 2003, p. 145).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Unruly Customers and Turnover in Service Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While honest customer feedback is vital in improving business services or products and growth, addressing unrealistic expectations and requests can affect employee morale, leading to high turnover. Therefore, business owners should protect staff from deviant customers to improve employees’ satisfaction and confidence in their work and reduce turnover. Research Question The research question for this study is; does customer deviance influence turnover intentions in the service indust ry? Background Research Research shows that unruly customers cause psychological and emotional stress to staff through verbal abuse, unreasonable requests, and disrespect for company policies (Harry Reynolds, 2003). Psychological stress in the workplace lowers staff morale and job satisfaction, which increase turnover. In this view, support from the management can help staff deal with challenging customers. Ben-Zur and Yagil (2005) state that without organizational support, customer deviance can cause â€Å"burnout, emotional exhaustion, and low self-esteem† in staff, which affect productivity and retention (p. 91). Thus, customer deviance coupled with a lack of organizational support can increase turnover. Hypothesis The study will test the null hypothesis that there is no difference in turnover intentions between bank employees (front-desk staff) and factory workers. Research Design The study design will involve a descriptive research design. The key study variables will b e turnover intention, job satisfaction, customer incivility, and organizational/management support. The study will draw its participants from the front-desk and management staff.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Interviews will be used to collect data from the participants. Each will be interviewed in a 15-minute session using semi-structured questions. The key focus will be on customer incivility, management support, and turnover intentions. Data analysis will involve thematic analysis method. Sampling Approach A convenient sample of 25 participants will be sampled from the staff of a bank and a factory. It will consist of 10 front-desk staff (bank), 10 factory workers, and 5 managers/supervisors. A preliminary request for participation will be sent to the institutions to obtain approval and informed consent. Upon approval, the researcher will schedule the interview dates to collect the data. Possible Types of Secondary Data Secondary data for hypothesis testing are obtained from existing sources when primary data are unavailable. Zikmund and Babin (2006) outline four different forms of secondary data, namely, published data, personnel records, government reports, public sector reports, and electronic records. Journals, books, and periodicals archived in libraries are the major sources of published data (Zikmund Babin, 2006). Data published in periodicals and journals are often reliable and current. Personnel records encompass personal communications that can be used as sources of secondary data. Personal letters and diaries can provide information, but efforts must be taken to eliminate any bias they may contain. According to Zikmund and Babin (2006), government reports, particularly â€Å"surveys, tax records, and census data†, can also provide secondary data for hypothesis testing (p. 37). They are widely available in official gover nment sites and databases. In addition, public/private sector reports published by various institutions contain information that can be useful in research. Documentaries and films provide electronic data that can be useful in research.  To test the study’s hypothesis, the researcher will use more than one type of secondary data. Government reports, newspaper/magazine articles, and private sector reports will be useful sources of secondary data. These sources will provide useful statistics on turnover rates in the banking and manufacturing industries. This will allow the researcher to compare turnover rates between factory and banking staff.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Unruly Customers and Turnover in Service Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Possible Measurement Benchmarks and Scales A benchmark indicates the critical point at which the difference between the sample mean and the exp ected value becomes significant, i.e., it supports the null hypothesis. A p-value indicates the acceptable level of significance of a test (Zikmund Babin, 2006). In most studies, the p-values of 0.1, 0.05, and 0.01 are used as benchmarks for acceptable levels of type I error. When the value obtained from statistical tests, such as t-test or Z-test, is lower than the benchmark value, it indicates that the difference is significant, i.e., the null hypothesis is not supported.  According to Zikmund and Babin (2006), the main scales used to measure variables include â€Å"nominal, ordinal, ratio, and interval† scales (p. 155). The nominal scale classifies variables into mutually exclusive groups while the ordinal scale organizes data in a ranking order or hierarchy. In an interval scale, the difference between any two values is fixed. On the other hand, a ratio scale is similar to an interval one, but contains â€Å"a true zero point† (Zikmund Babin, 2006, p. 157). The type of measurement scale to be used in research depends on the nature of the study variables.  The proposed research will use a single measurement benchmark, namely, p = 0.05. Higher values than 0.05 will indicate an acceptable level of significance, i.e., the null hypothesis will be accepted. To measure turnover intentions, job satisfaction, customer incivility perceptions, and organizational support, the study will use the Likert (interval) scale. This scale will provide quantitative differences between the participants’ responses with respect to the four study variables. References Ben-Zur, H., Yagil, D. (2005). The Relationship between Empowerment, Aggressive  Behaviours of Customers, Coping, and Burnout. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14, 81–99. Harris, L. C., Reynolds, K. L. (2003). The Consequences of Dysfunctional Customer  Behaviour. Journal of Service Research, 6, 144–161. Zikmund, W., Babin, B. (2006). Essentials of Marketing Research. Mason, OH:  Cengage Learning.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This research paper on Unruly Customers and Turnover in Service Industry was written and submitted by user Will H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.